Merge pull request #1923 from TriliumNext/feat/add-rootless-dockerfiles

feat(ci): add rootless dockerfiles

.editorconfig

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ indent_style = space
 insert_final_newline = true
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 
+[*.sh]
+end_of_line = lf
+
 [{server,translation}.json]
 charset = utf-8
 end_of_line = lf

.gitattributes

@@ -14,4 +14,6 @@ demo/**/*.txt eol=lf
 demo/**/*.js eol=lf
 demo/**/*.css eol=lf
 
+*.sh eol=lf
+
 apps/client/src/libraries/** linguist-vendored

apps/server/Dockerfile

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
 FROM node:22.16.0-bullseye-slim AS builder
-    RUN corepack enable
+RUN corepack enable
 
-    # Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
+# Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
-    WORKDIR /usr/src/app/build
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app/build
-    COPY ./docker/package.json ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
+COPY ./docker/package.json ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
-    # We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
+# We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
-    RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
+RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
 
 FROM node:22.16.0-bullseye-slim
-    # Install only runtime dependencies
+# Install only runtime dependencies
-    RUN apt-get update && \
+RUN apt-get update && \
-        apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-        gosu && \
+    gosu && \
-        rm -rf \
+    rm -rf \
-        /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+    /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
-        /var/cache/apt/*
+    /var/cache/apt/*
 
-    WORKDIR /usr/src/app
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app
-    COPY ./dist /usr/src/app
+COPY ./dist /usr/src/app
-    RUN rm -rf /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+RUN rm -rf /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
-    COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
-    COPY ./start-docker.sh /usr/src/app
+COPY ./start-docker.sh /usr/src/app
 
-    # Configure container
+# Configure container
-    EXPOSE 8080
+EXPOSE 8080
-    CMD [ "sh", "./start-docker.sh" ]
+CMD [ "sh", "./start-docker.sh" ]
-    HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD exec gosu node node /usr/src/app/docker_healthcheck.cjs
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD exec gosu node node /usr/src/app/docker_healthcheck.cjs

apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine

@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 FROM node:22.16.0-alpine AS builder
-    RUN corepack enable
+RUN corepack enable
 
-    # Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
+# Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
-    WORKDIR /usr/src/app
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app
-    COPY ./docker/package.json  ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
+COPY ./docker/package.json ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
-    # We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
+# We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
-    RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
+RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
 
 FROM node:22.16.0-alpine
-    # Install runtime dependencies
+# Install runtime dependencies
-    RUN apk add --no-cache su-exec shadow
+RUN apk add --no-cache su-exec shadow
 
-    WORKDIR /usr/src/app
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app
-    COPY ./dist /usr/src/app
+COPY ./dist /usr/src/app
-    RUN rm -rf /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+RUN rm -rf /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
-    COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
-    COPY ./start-docker.sh /usr/src/app
+COPY ./start-docker.sh /usr/src/app
 
-    # Add application user
+# Add application user
-    RUN adduser -s /bin/false node; exit 0
+RUN adduser -s /bin/false node; exit 0
 
-    # Configure container
+# Configure container
-    EXPOSE 8080
+EXPOSE 8080
-    CMD [ "sh", "./start-docker.sh" ]
+CMD [ "sh", "./start-docker.sh" ]
-    HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD exec su-exec node node /usr/src/app/docker_healthcheck.cjs
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD exec su-exec node node /usr/src/app/docker_healthcheck.cjs

apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine.rootless

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+FROM node:22.15.0-alpine AS builder
+RUN corepack enable
+
+# Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app
+COPY ./docker/package.json ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
+# We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
+RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
+
+FROM node:22.15.0-alpine
+# Create a non-root user with configurable UID/GID
+ARG USER=trilium
+ARG UID=1001
+ARG GID=1001
+ENV USER=${USER}
+ENV UID=${UID}
+ENV GID=${GID}
+
+# Install runtime dependencies and create user with specific UID/GID
+RUN apk add --no-cache dumb-init && \
+    apk add --no-cache bash && \
+    # Alpine uses addgroup/adduser (from busybox) instead of groupadd/useradd
+    addgroup -g ${GID} ${USER} && \
+    adduser -u ${UID} -G ${USER} -s /bin/sh -D -h /home/${USER} ${USER}
+
+WORKDIR /home/${USER}/app
+COPY ./dist /home/${USER}/app
+# Also copy the rootless entrypoint script
+COPY rootless-entrypoint.sh /home/${USER}/app/
+RUN rm -rf /home/${USER}/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /home/${USER}/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+RUN chown -R ${USER}:${USER} /home/${USER}
+
+# Configure container
+USER ${USER}
+EXPOSE 8080
+
+# By default, use UID/GID that was set during build
+# These can be overridden at runtime
+ENV TRILIUM_UID=${UID}
+ENV TRILIUM_GID=${GID}
+ENV TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/home/${USER}/trilium-data
+
+# Use dumb-init as entrypoint to handle signals properly
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/dumb-init", "--"]
+
+# Use the entrypoint script
+CMD [ "bash", "./rootless-entrypoint.sh" ]
+
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD node /home/${USER}/app/docker_healthcheck.js

apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+FROM node:22.15.0-bullseye-slim AS builder
+RUN corepack enable
+
+# Install native dependencies since we might be building cross-platform.
+WORKDIR /usr/src/app/build
+COPY ./docker/package.json ./docker/pnpm-workspace.yaml /usr/src/app/
+# We have to use --no-frozen-lockfile due to CKEditor patches
+RUN pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile --prod && pnpm rebuild
+
+FROM node:22.15.0-bullseye-slim
+# Create a non-root user with configurable UID/GID
+ARG USER=trilium
+ARG UID=1001
+ARG GID=1001
+ENV USER=${USER}
+ENV UID=${UID}
+ENV GID=${GID}
+
+# Install only runtime dependencies
+RUN rm -rf \
+    /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+    /var/cache/apt/* && \
+    # Create the user/group with the default UID/GID
+    groupadd -g ${GID} ${USER} && \
+    useradd -u ${UID} -g ${USER} -s /bin/sh -m ${USER}
+
+WORKDIR /home/${USER}/app
+COPY ./dist /home/${USER}/app
+# Also copy the rootless entrypoint script
+COPY rootless-entrypoint.sh /home/${USER}/app/
+RUN rm -rf /home/${USER}/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3 /home/${USER}/app/node_modules/better-sqlite3
+RUN chown -R ${USER}:${USER} /home/${USER}
+
+# Configure container
+USER ${USER}
+EXPOSE 8080
+
+# By default, use UID/GID that was set during build
+# These can be overridden at runtime
+ENV TRILIUM_UID=${UID}
+ENV TRILIUM_GID=${GID}
+ENV TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/home/${USER}/trilium-data
+
+# Use the entrypoint script
+CMD [ "bash", "./rootless-entrypoint.sh" ]
+
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=10s CMD node /home/${USER}/app/docker_healthcheck.js

apps/server/package.json

@@ -154,6 +154,12 @@
           },
           "alpine": {
             "command": "docker build . -t triliumnext-alpine -f Dockerfile.alpine"
+          },
+          "rootless-debian": {
+            "command": "docker build . -t triliumnext-rootless-debian -f Dockerfile.rootless"
+          },
+          "rootless-alpine": {
+            "command": "docker build . -t triliumnext-rootless-alpine -f Dockerfile.alpine.rootless"
           }
         }
       },
@@ -169,6 +175,12 @@
           },
           "alpine": {
             "command": "docker run -p 8081:8080 triliumnext-alpine"
+          },
+          "rootless-debian": {
+            "command": "docker run -p 8081:8080 triliumnext-rootless-debian"
+          },
+          "rootless-alpine": {
+            "command": "docker run -p 8081:8080 triliumnext-rootless-alpine"
           }
         }
       },

apps/server/rootless-entrypoint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Rootless entrypoint script for Trilium Notes
+# Works with both Debian and Alpine-based images
+
+# Check if runtime UID/GID match the expected values
+if [ "${TRILIUM_UID}" != "$(id -u)" ] || [ "${TRILIUM_GID}" != "$(id -g)" ]; then
+  echo "Detected UID:GID mismatch (current: $(id -u):$(id -g), expected: ${TRILIUM_UID}:${TRILIUM_GID})"
+  # Check GID mismatch
+  if [ "${TRILIUM_GID}" != "$(id -g)" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Cannot change GID at runtime in rootless mode."
+    echo "       Current GID: $(id -g), Expected GID: ${TRILIUM_GID}"
+    echo "       Please use docker run with --user $(id -u):$(id -g) instead."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  # Check UID mismatch
+  if [ "${TRILIUM_UID}" != "$(id -u)" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Cannot change UID at runtime in rootless mode."
+    echo "       Current UID: $(id -u), Expected UID: ${TRILIUM_UID}"
+    echo "       Please use docker run with --user $(id -u):$(id -g) instead."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+fi
+
+# Make sure data directory has correct permissions
+mkdir -p "${TRILIUM_DATA_DIR}"
+
+# Start the app
+exec node ./main.cjs

apps/server/src/assets/doc_notes/en/User Guide/User Guide/Installation & Setup/Server Installation/1. Installing the server/Using Docker.html

@@ -76,4 +76,115 @@ docker inspect [container_name]</code></pre>
 <h3>Note on timezones</h3>
 <p>If you are having timezone issues and you are not using docker-compose,
   you may need to add a <code>TZ</code> environment variable with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones">TZ identifier</a> of
-  your local timezone.</p>
+  your local timezone.</p>
+<h2>Rootless Docker Image</h2>
+<aside class="admonition note">
+  <p>Please keep in mind that the data directory is at <code>/home/trilium/trilium-data</code> instead
+    of the typical <code>/home/node/trilium-data</code>. This is because a new
+    user is created and used to run Trilium within the rootless containers.</p>
+</aside>
+<p>If you would prefer to run Trilium without having to run the Docker container
+  as <code>root</code>, you can use either of the provided Debian (default)
+  and Alpine-based images with the <code>rootless</code> tag.&nbsp;</p>
+<p><em><strong>If you're unsure, stick to the “rootful” Docker image referenced above.</strong></em>
+</p>
+<p>Below are some commands to pull the rootless images:</p><pre><code class="language-text-x-trilium-auto"># For Debian-based image
+docker pull triliumnext/notes:rootless
+
+# For Alpine-based image
+docker pull triliumnext/notes:rootless-alpine</code></pre>
+<h3>Why Rootless?</h3>
+<p>Running containers as non-root is a security best practice that reduces
+  the potential impact of container breakouts. If an attacker manages to
+  escape the container, they'll only have the permissions of the non-root
+  user instead of full root access to the host.</p>
+<h3>How It Works</h3>
+<p>The rootless Trilium image:</p>
+<ol>
+  <li>Creates a non-root user (<code>trilium</code>) during build time</li>
+  <li>Configures the application to run as this non-root user</li>
+  <li>Allows runtime customization of the user's UID/GID via Docker's <code>--user</code> flag</li>
+  <li>Does not require a separate Docker <code>entrypoint</code> script</li>
+</ol>
+<h3>Usage</h3>
+<h4><strong>Using docker-compose (Recommended)</strong></h4><pre><code class="language-text-x-trilium-auto"># Run with default UID/GID (1000:1000)
+docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+# Run with custom UID/GID (e.g., match your host user)
+TRILIUM_UID=$(id -u) TRILIUM_GID=$(id -g) docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+# Specify a custom data directory
+TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/path/to/your/data TRILIUM_UID=$(id -u) TRILIUM_GID=$(id -g) docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+</code></pre>
+<h4><strong>Using Docker CLI</strong></h4><pre><code class="language-text-x-trilium-auto"># Build the image
+docker build -t triliumnext/notes:rootless -f apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless .
+
+# Run with default UID/GID (1000:1000)
+docker run -d --name trilium -p 8080:8080 -v ~/trilium-data:/home/trilium/trilium-data triliumnext/notes:rootless
+
+# Run with custom UID/GID
+docker run -d --name trilium -p 8080:8080 --user $(id -u):$(id -g) -v ~/trilium-data:/home/trilium/trilium-data triliumnext/notes:rootless
+</code></pre>
+<h3>Environment Variables</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><code>TRILIUM_UID</code>: UID to use for the container process (passed
+    to Docker's <code>--user</code> flag)</li>
+  <li><code>TRILIUM_GID</code>: GID to use for the container process (passed
+    to Docker's <code>--user</code> flag)</li>
+  <li><code>TRILIUM_DATA_DIR</code>: Path to the data directory inside the container
+    (default: <code>/home/node/trilium-data</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3>Volume Permissions</h3>
+<p>If you encounter permission issues with the data volume, ensure that:</p>
+<ol>
+  <li>The host directory has appropriate permissions for the UID/GID you're
+    using</li>
+  <li>You're setting both <code>TRILIUM_UID</code> and <code>TRILIUM_GID</code> to
+    match the owner of the host directory</li>
+</ol><pre><code class="language-text-x-trilium-auto"># For example, if your data directory is owned by UID 1001 and GID 1001:
+TRILIUM_UID=1001 TRILIUM_GID=1001 docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+</code></pre>
+<h3>Considerations</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li>The container starts with a specific UID/GID which can be customized at
+    runtime</li>
+  <li>Unlike the traditional setup, this approach does not use a separate entrypoint
+    script with <code>usermod</code>/<code>groupmod</code> commands</li>
+  <li>The container cannot modify its own UID/GID at runtime, which is a security
+    feature of rootless containers</li>
+</ul>
+<h3>Available Rootless Images</h3>
+<p>Two rootless variants are provided:</p>
+<ol>
+  <li><strong>Debian-based</strong> (default): Uses the Debian Bullseye Slim
+    base image
+    <ul>
+      <li>Dockerfile: <code>apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless</code>
+      </li>
+      <li>Recommended for most users</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li><strong>Alpine-based</strong>: Uses the Alpine base image for smaller
+    size
+    <ul>
+      <li>Dockerfile: <code>apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine.rootless</code>
+      </li>
+      <li>Smaller image size, but may have compatibility issues with some systems</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+<h3>Building Custom Rootless Images</h3>
+<p>If you would prefer, you can also customize the UID/GID at build time:</p><pre><code class="language-text-x-trilium-auto"># For Debian-based image with custom UID/GID
+docker build --build-arg USER=myuser --build-arg UID=1001 --build-arg GID=1001 \
+  -t triliumnext/notes:rootless-custom -f apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless .
+
+# For Alpine-based image with custom UID/GID
+docker build --build-arg USER=myuser --build-arg UID=1001 --build-arg GID=1001 \
+  -t triliumnext/notes:alpine-rootless-custom -f apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine.rootless .
+</code></pre>
+<p>Available build arguments:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li><code>USER</code>: Username for the non-root user (default: trilium)</li>
+  <li><code>UID</code>: User ID for the non-root user (default: 1000)</li>
+  <li><code>GID</code>: Group ID for the non-root user (default: 1000)</li>
+</ul>

docker-compose.rootless.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+version: '3.8'
+
+# Running `docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up` will create/use the "trilium-data" directory in the user home
+# Run `TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/path/of/your/choice docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up` to set a different directory
+# To run in the background, use `docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d`
+# To use the Alpine-based image, run with `TRILIUM_VARIANT=alpine docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up`
+services:
+  trilium:
+    # Optionally, replace `latest` with a version tag like `v0.90.3`
+    # Using `latest` may cause unintended updates to the container
+    image: triliumnext/notes:rootless
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    environment:
+      - TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/home/trilium/trilium-data
+      # Set the desired UID/GID for the Trilium process. Will be used during docker run
+      # These should match the owner of your data directory on the host
+      - TRILIUM_UID=${TRILIUM_UID:-1001}
+      - TRILIUM_GID=${TRILIUM_GID:-1001}
+    # Use the specified UID/GID for the container process
+    user: ${TRILIUM_UID:-1001}:${TRILIUM_GID:-1001}
+    ports:
+      # By default, Trilium will be available at http://localhost:8080
+      # It will also be accessible at http://<host-ip>:8080
+      # You might want to limit this with something like Docker Networks, reverse proxies, or firewall rules
+      - '8080:8080'
+    volumes:
+      # Unless TRILIUM_DATA_DIR is set, the data will be stored in the "trilium-data" directory in the home directory.
+      # This can also be changed by replacing the line below with `- /path/of/your/choice:/home/trilium/trilium-data
+      - ${TRILIUM_DATA_DIR:-~/trilium-data}:/home/trilium/trilium-data
+      - /etc/timezone:/etc/timezone:ro
+      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

docs/Release Notes/Release Notes/v0.94.0.md

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
     *   For read-only notes, a floating button allows copying the code snippet to clipboard.
 *   [Math in text notes: equations can now be displayed on multiple lines](https://github.com/TriliumNext/Notes/pull/2003) by @SiriusXT
 *   [Metrics endpoint](https://github.com/TriliumNext/Notes/pull/2024) by @perfectra1n
+*   Docker: Rootless [Dockerfiles are now available](https://github.com/TriliumNext/Notes/pull/1923/files) by @perfectra1n
 
 ## 📖 Documentation
 

docs/User Guide/User Guide/Installation & Setup/Server Installation/1. Installing the server/Using Docker.md

@@ -117,4 +117,123 @@ The `--user` directive is unsupported. Instead, use the `USER_UID` and `USER_GID
 
 ### Note on timezones
 
-If you are having timezone issues and you are not using docker-compose, you may need to add a `TZ` environment variable with the [TZ identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones) of your local timezone.
+If you are having timezone issues and you are not using docker-compose, you may need to add a `TZ` environment variable with the [TZ identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones) of your local timezone.
+
+## Rootless Docker Image
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Please keep in mind that the data directory is at `/home/trilium/trilium-data` instead of the typical `/home/node/trilium-data`. This is because a new user is created and used to run Trilium within the rootless containers.
+
+If you would prefer to run Trilium without having to run the Docker container as `root`, you can use either of the provided Debian (default) and Alpine-based images with the `rootless` tag. 
+
+_**If you're unsure, stick to the “rootful” Docker image referenced above.**_
+
+Below are some commands to pull the rootless images:
+
+```
+# For Debian-based image
+docker pull triliumnext/notes:rootless
+
+# For Alpine-based image
+docker pull triliumnext/notes:rootless-alpine
+```
+
+### Why Rootless?
+
+Running containers as non-root is a security best practice that reduces the potential impact of container breakouts. If an attacker manages to escape the container, they'll only have the permissions of the non-root user instead of full root access to the host.
+
+### How It Works
+
+The rootless Trilium image:
+
+1.  Creates a non-root user (`trilium`) during build time
+2.  Configures the application to run as this non-root user
+3.  Allows runtime customization of the user's UID/GID via Docker's `--user` flag
+4.  Does not require a separate Docker `entrypoint` script
+
+### Usage
+
+#### **Using docker-compose (Recommended)**
+
+```
+# Run with default UID/GID (1000:1000)
+docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+# Run with custom UID/GID (e.g., match your host user)
+TRILIUM_UID=$(id -u) TRILIUM_GID=$(id -g) docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+# Specify a custom data directory
+TRILIUM_DATA_DIR=/path/to/your/data TRILIUM_UID=$(id -u) TRILIUM_GID=$(id -g) docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+```
+
+#### **Using Docker CLI**
+
+```
+# Build the image
+docker build -t triliumnext/notes:rootless -f apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless .
+
+# Run with default UID/GID (1000:1000)
+docker run -d --name trilium -p 8080:8080 -v ~/trilium-data:/home/trilium/trilium-data triliumnext/notes:rootless
+
+# Run with custom UID/GID
+docker run -d --name trilium -p 8080:8080 --user $(id -u):$(id -g) -v ~/trilium-data:/home/trilium/trilium-data triliumnext/notes:rootless
+
+```
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+*   `TRILIUM_UID`: UID to use for the container process (passed to Docker's `--user` flag)
+*   `TRILIUM_GID`: GID to use for the container process (passed to Docker's `--user` flag)
+*   `TRILIUM_DATA_DIR`: Path to the data directory inside the container (default: `/home/node/trilium-data`)
+
+### Volume Permissions
+
+If you encounter permission issues with the data volume, ensure that:
+
+1.  The host directory has appropriate permissions for the UID/GID you're using
+2.  You're setting both `TRILIUM_UID` and `TRILIUM_GID` to match the owner of the host directory
+
+```
+# For example, if your data directory is owned by UID 1001 and GID 1001:
+TRILIUM_UID=1001 TRILIUM_GID=1001 docker-compose -f docker-compose.rootless.yml up -d
+
+```
+
+### Considerations
+
+*   The container starts with a specific UID/GID which can be customized at runtime
+*   Unlike the traditional setup, this approach does not use a separate entrypoint script with `usermod`/`groupmod` commands
+*   The container cannot modify its own UID/GID at runtime, which is a security feature of rootless containers
+
+### Available Rootless Images
+
+Two rootless variants are provided:
+
+1.  **Debian-based** (default): Uses the Debian Bullseye Slim base image
+    *   Dockerfile: `apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless`
+    *   Recommended for most users
+2.  **Alpine-based**: Uses the Alpine base image for smaller size
+    *   Dockerfile: `apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine.rootless`
+    *   Smaller image size, but may have compatibility issues with some systems
+
+### Building Custom Rootless Images
+
+If you would prefer, you can also customize the UID/GID at build time:
+
+```
+# For Debian-based image with custom UID/GID
+docker build --build-arg USER=myuser --build-arg UID=1001 --build-arg GID=1001 \
+  -t triliumnext/notes:rootless-custom -f apps/server/Dockerfile.rootless .
+
+# For Alpine-based image with custom UID/GID
+docker build --build-arg USER=myuser --build-arg UID=1001 --build-arg GID=1001 \
+  -t triliumnext/notes:alpine-rootless-custom -f apps/server/Dockerfile.alpine.rootless .
+
+```
+
+Available build arguments:
+
+*   `USER`: Username for the non-root user (default: trilium)
+*   `UID`: User ID for the non-root user (default: 1000)
+*   `GID`: Group ID for the non-root user (default: 1000)